He Hōʻuluʻulu Pelekane o ka Hoʻoliliʻana i nā Mea Mea Mea Mea Pāla
ʻO ke keleawe ka mea kau, pololei? ʻAʻole wikiwiki. I loko o ke anana o nā mea hoʻoulu mea kanu, hoʻokae ka hao i ke koʻikoʻi, keʻokiʻoki, aʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kila. ʻOiaiʻo ke kinikini hao kekahi me ka alumini, ke kila, ke keleawe, a me ka hao hana , pehea lā e hiki ai iāʻoe keʻike inā ua hanaʻia i ka hao hao?
He aha ka mea i hanaʻia ma ka hao?
ʻO ka hao kekahi o nā metale hao nui loa i hoʻohanaʻia i ka hana a me ka hoʻonaniʻana i waho. ʻO kona kinui,ʻo ia ka hao (Fe), carbon (C) a me ka silica (Si), akā hiki ke kau i nā sulfur (S), manganese (Mn) a me phosphorus (P).
Loaʻa iā ia kaʻona kalapona kūpono i ka 2 a 5'eneke. ʻAʻole like me ka hao i hanaʻia, no ka mea, he ikaika ka hao, kaumaha,ʻaʻohe ponoʻole (ʻaʻole hiki ke hana a hanaʻia, kūlou, kau a hoʻonuiʻia paha), aʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. I ka wā e hoʻoleiʻia ai ka hao me ka ikaika nui, hana pono ia ma lalo o ka hoʻokūkū. He mea nui ka hana a me keʻano hana hana no ka hoʻoholoʻana i kona mauʻano.
ʻO ka hao,ʻo ia keʻano o ka hao,ʻo ia keʻano maʻamau, a ua maʻalahi ka hoʻoleiʻana akāʻaʻole hiki ke hanaʻia a hanaʻia paha i loko o kekahiʻano wela a me ke anu. ʻO ka'āpana kala hao ka hao ma keʻano o nā lawaiʻa i māheleʻia i loko o ke kinona,ʻoiai ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e hoʻopiliʻia kaʻenehana kalapona me keʻano he carbide o ka hao. ʻO kaʻili kalaika he ikaikaʻoi aku ka ikaika a me ka hikiʻole (ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka manipona).
ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ua hanaʻia ka hao ma ka puhiʻana i ka hao hao i loko o ka umu ahi a me ka coke a me ka limu.
ʻO kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻoponopono i ka mea hao a hoʻolei aku i nā mea haumiaʻole, e hana ana i ka hao hoʻoheheʻeʻia. A nininiʻia i nā'āpana o kahiʻano i makemakeʻia (e like me nā mea kanu) aʻaeʻia e hoʻomaha a kuluʻikuʻi. ʻO keʻano maʻamau maʻamau keʻano o ka hao. Hoʻouka kokeʻia ka hao ma kahi maʻalahi a hinaʻole paha, akā,ʻaʻole hiki ke hana a hanaʻia paha me ka mechanically a me ka wela.
I ka'āpana kala hina kaʻenehana kalapona i loko o keʻano o nā lapalapa i māheleʻia i loko o ke kinona. Ma kaʻili keʻokeʻo ua hoʻohuiʻia kaʻenehana kalapona me ka carbide o ka hao.
ʻO kaʻili kalaika he ikaikaʻoi aku ka ikaika a me ka hikiʻole. Uaʻikeʻiaʻo ia heʻano maʻalahi a spheroidal paha. Ke hanaʻia nei ka hao i nāʻano likeʻole e like me ka mea i hanaʻia ma mua. Hoʻopiʻia ka hao hao i loko o ka umu ahi me ka coke a me ka limu. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana deoxidizes i ka hao, hana i ka hao hao. Ua nininiʻia ka hao i hoʻoheheʻeʻia i nā palaka o keʻano i makemakeʻia a ua hoʻomahaʻia a crystallize. Inā hanaʻia ka'ākau, hoʻohuiʻia ka hao i kahi kiʻi hana palekana a iʻole ka pālākiō ma luna o kaʻilikai, kahi e kūpono ai i kaʻinoʻino ma mua o ka hao i hanaʻia aiʻole ke kila kila. Hoʻopauʻia nā hōʻailona mālamaʻia, ka uhiʻana a iʻole ka papahana hana no ka paleʻana i nā hua hao mai kaʻaihueʻana (ka lāʻau pale) i kaʻikeʻiaʻana i ka wela. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke komo i loko o ka pale bituminous, ka paʻakai, ka pena, ka pāpale a me ka pale.
Nā Kūʻai waho no ka Cast Iron
No ka mea he mea maʻalahiʻole ka lōʻihi, a hiki ke maʻalahi i nāʻano likeʻole, ua hoʻohanaʻia ka hao no nāʻano hana likeʻole a me nā mea hoʻonani. Eia kēia mau mea:
- ʻO nā mea kanu: Ma ka Hale White , he nui nā'āpanaʻeleʻele Rococo keʻokeʻo, e like me nā pale a me nā papaʻaina liʻiliʻi, i hanaʻia me ka hao hao, e pili ana me ka hale hana hale kaulana.
- Nā hōʻailona me nā pā
- Nā kolumā, nā pou a me nā poho
- Pākē a me nā puka
- Nā meahana e like me nā hinges a me nā loka
- Nā kiʻi hoʻolālā
Pehea e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka hao
ʻO ka makemake i nā kīhāpai i ka wā Victorian i hana i kahi koi no ka hana hao hao a me nā mea hoʻoulu o ka lau ma waena o ka makahiki 1800. I kēlā manawa, ua emi ke kumukūʻai o ka hao ma mua o kaʻoihana o nā mea kanu iʻoi aku ka nui i kūʻaiʻia i ka mua o ka makahiki 1800. ʻO ka kila,ʻoi aku ka māmā a me ka ikaika, ua lilo i mea kaulana i ka manawa o ka 20st century.
Hiki keʻikeʻia ka hao i kēia mau mea:
- Nā hoailona a mau hae paha mai nā mea hana. Mālama kēia i kāu moʻolelo.
- ʻO ke kaumaha: ināʻo kāna kaumaha, hiki ke hanaʻia ka hao. Mai kū i laila, akā naʻe.
- ʻO ka nani: Hoʻohuiʻia ka hao / i nā mea momona like me nā pua, nā hua, a me nā māla waina.
- Hanaʻia a hoʻohālikeʻia paha: Hanaʻia nā hale mai nā mea i kālaiʻia a kūkuluʻia i loko o nā pale a me nā mamana.
Nā Manaʻo : US Administration Services (GSA) gsa.gov
Nānāʻana i nā mea i hoʻolakoʻia e Charles Boyce ('Owl Books; Henry Holt a me ka Hui; 1985)