Ulmus Americana Ma mua o ka hoʻoukaʻana
ʻO Bruce Carley, ma kāna puke ma ka hoʻopakeleʻana i nā lāʻauʻAmelika mai ka maʻi elm elm, e paʻi ana i ke kiʻi nani o ke alanui Main USA ma ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia 20. He alanui ia e pili mauʻia ana me kēia mau kānaka hanohano hanohano, kahi i wehe i ko lākou mau lālā hilahilaʻo Rapunzel-like ma luna o nā poʻo o ka poʻe helehelena, me ka paleʻana i nā kau wela. ʻAʻohe lāʻau'ē aʻe like me lākou:
"Ua piʻi aʻe nā lālā helehelena o nā lāʻau momona i kuʻiʻia nā alanui i loko o kahi koloka kiʻekiʻe me kahi nani maikaʻi a me ka nani ... e hoʻonui ana i ka paepae o ka paepae kiʻekiʻe iʻoi aku i ka 100 kapuaʻi ...." [Bruce Carley]
Ua hoʻololi ka maʻi Dutch elm ( Ceratocystis ulmi ) i kēlā mea. ʻO ka maʻi elm elm he haʻalulu maʻamau e ulu ana i loko o ka ulu lāʻau o ka elms. Ua hālāwai mua ka pūʻani i ka makahiki 1921 ma Netherlands. I nā makahiki i hala aʻe nei, uaʻikeʻia nāʻawa ma waena o ke kikowaena a me ke kūkulu hema oʻEulopa i ke kuʻiʻana i ka hakina.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala o Dutch Elm Disease:ʻO ka Demise oʻAmelika Elm Trees
ʻO nāʻAmelikaʻAmelika ( Ulmus americana ) nā meaʻoi loa o nā mea a pau i ka maʻi elm Dutch. Uaʻike pūʻia nāʻAmelikaʻAmelika he inoa wai wai, nā elms uila, nāʻeleʻele keʻokeʻo, a me nā kelekele Florida. Loaʻa nāʻAmelikaʻAmelika i nā Eastern a me Central North America. Holo ka laulā a hiki i ka hema ma ka'ākau o Texas a me Florida.
Uaʻikeʻo Cleveland,ʻO Ohio i ka hihia mua o ka maʻi elm Dutch i ka US i ka makahiki 1930.ʻOiai, ua hōʻea mai kēia mea pepehi wahaheʻe i ka laweʻana o nā lāʻau mai Farani. Ua hoʻopuka koke ka maʻi Dutch elm i ka East; i loko oʻelua mau makahiki, ua hina nā lāʻauʻAmelika ma New Jersey i nā pio i nā haʻake make.
Ua hoʻomakaʻo Phil McCombs e "maʻi 77 miliona mau laau ma ka makahiki 1970," i kākau aiʻo Phil McCombs i kahi moʻoleloʻo Washington Post e hoʻomaka nei me kēia kiʻi nani o ka uluʻana o nāʻAmelikaʻAmelika i nā alanui o nā kūlanakauhale he nui:
"Ma kekahi manawa iʻAmelika, ua kūkuluʻia nā hale nunui nui o nā lāʻau i nā alanui o nā kauhale a me nā kūlanakauhale maiʻAkelanika a hiki i nā Pōhaku, e hoʻokaho ana i ka malu malu i ka hopena o ke ola."
No ke aha iʻae aku aiʻo'Elelani Elm i ka maʻi i nā American Elm Trees
No ka maluhia a pau i kūkuluʻia e like me kēia mau mea kanu,ʻo kēia hana kūlohelohe kekahi o nā mea hewa i ka hinaʻana o nāʻAmelika. Hiki i ka haʻalulu make, hiki ke hoʻololi i lalo mai ke aʻa o kahi mea i pepehiʻia i ke aʻa o kahi kokoke. ʻO kēia ka mea i hanaʻia ke uluʻia nā aʻa o nā lāʻau elm Amelika e pili pū ana me ia, e pili pono ana i nā ola o nā meaʻelua iʻikeʻia.
ʻO ka makeʻana o kekahi, ua lilo i mea e make ai kekahi. ʻO ka mea kanu a me kāna mau kumu pakiaka e pili ana i ka pīpīʻana o ka pipi mai kahiʻAmelikaʻAmelika i kekahi i loko o ke kaʻina o ka hōʻailona e hoʻoholo i kahi laina holoʻokoʻa ma kahi alanui.
ʻO ka kanuʻana i nā lāʻau elm elm ma masse , ʻaʻoleʻo ia wale nō ka mea hewa. Hoʻokuʻuʻia nā'āpana microscopic o ka hakina i ka poʻe maʻi i nā lāʻau olakino maikaʻi e nāʻanoʻokoʻaʻelua e pili ana i lalo o ke kolo. ʻO kekahi kahi pele Pelekania ( Scolytus multistriatus ), kahi laweʻia i mua o ka maʻi Lelem elm pono'ī. ʻO kahi'ē aʻe heʻiliahi maoli nō,ʻo Hylurgopinus ka lihilihi . Hiki ke loaʻa nā kiʻi o kēia mau mea e lawe nei i nā maʻi Elm ma ka pūnaewele hoʻolauleʻa o ka moku'āinaʻo Utah, a me nāʻike'ē aʻe e pili ana i ka maʻi Dutch elm.
He aha ka hanaʻana i nā kinipauʻana i ka mea kanu
Mahalo i ka hana hoʻopauʻana o nā kumu lāʻau lāʻauʻo Alden Townsend, ua maikaʻi ka pilikino no Ulmus americana . Ma ka hopena o nā makahiki 1990, kokoke i 25 mau makahiki o ka hana me U. americana i ulu i ka wā i hoʻolahaʻia ai ua lanakilaʻo Townsend me nāʻili houʻelua: Ua lilo maoli nā hōʻailona elm lāʻau e kū'ē i ka maʻi Dutch Dutch.
Kapaʻiaʻo U. americana "Valley Forge" a me U. Amelika "New Harmony," Ua hele nei nā kolunia o Townsend ma ke kāʻei. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hana kanuʻana i nā lāʻau lāʻau i ka manaolana o ka hoʻolālāʻana i nāʻAmelika hou eʻoi aku keʻano kūʻokoʻa i ka maʻi Dutch Dutch.
No kēia manawa, ināʻaʻole hiki iāʻoe ke kūʻai aku i kekahi o kēia mau mea kanu oʻAmelika, aiʻole inā e ho'āʻoʻoe e hoʻopakele i kahi lāʻau i kūkuluʻia ma mua, e hahai i kēia mau kulekele:
- ʻO Prune ua make a make paha nā lālā mai nāʻAmelika, mai ka hāʻuleʻana o ke kauwela. Hana maikaʻiʻia kēia kaʻina hana, i kapaʻia he limbing , i nāʻoihana.
- Eʻae i nāʻAlaʻAmelikaʻoʻApelila a hiki iʻAukake. Hoʻopiliʻia kaʻili o ka elm i ka'āpanaʻokiʻoki hou aʻoi loa kaʻoihana i kēlā manawa.
- E nānā i nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi elm Dutch. E makemake ana nā hua o nā mea maʻiʻAmelika i nā kauwela. E huli mua lākou i ka melemele, a laila hele, a ma hope lilo iʻeleʻele. Keʻike muaʻia nā hōʻailona ma nā lei aliʻi o nāʻAmelika.
- Ināʻikeʻia nā hōʻailona, e hoʻokahe pololei i nā ponoʻAmelika. Ma nā'āpana'āina, e puhi lākou i ke ahi. Ma nā kūlanakauhale nui, e lawe iā lākou i kahi pae hoʻolālā koho.
E hoʻomaopopo i ka manaʻo o nāʻAmelika e like me kekahi o nā lāʻauʻino loa e kanu ai no ka poʻe maʻi. No nā meaʻaʻohe maʻi palekana, nāʻAmelika e hana i nā mea kanuʻano hiʻona nani. ʻO nā'emelikaʻAmelika keʻano paʻakikī paʻakikī i ka'āpana 3.
ʻAʻole wale nā kānaka e loaʻa i nā poʻe i loaʻa inā loaʻa hou ka'ākau mua o nā American elms ma o ka hana hoʻopunipuni lāʻau. No ka Baltimore orioles, he mau punahele nui nāʻAmelika. ʻO ka male orlele kekahi o nā manuʻoi loa o keʻano, me ka uhauʻana i nā'ōnika kala i kahakahaʻia e ka plumageʻeleʻele. Ua makemakeʻo Baltimore orioles i nāʻAmelika e mālama ai no keʻano o ka nesting no ka maʻuli o ka nohoʻana o nā lālā lāʻau. ʻO nā'ounu o Orioles e kau nei ma nā wēlau o nā lālā o nāʻAmelika eʻaneʻane hikiʻole i nā mea pupule ke komo.
Hōʻikeʻo Bruce Carley iā mākou i ka nohoʻana o nā kūlanakauhale o Portland, Maine, a me New Haven, Connecticut i ka nui o nā meaʻAmelika e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia wahi ke poʻo inoa "City of Elms," ma mua o ka loheʻana o nā hua'ōlelo, "kanu lāʻau" . Akā, no ke kanuʻana i nā lāʻau kanu, uaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā manaʻo i kēia manawa e hoʻomaikaʻi ai nā kānaka i kou'āina me ka hua'ōlelo "City of Elms." Hiki i nā kaluhi kanu ke hoʻoula hou i "Elm Street, USA."